فصلنامه مطالعات زبان و ترجمه
سال پنجاه و ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

The major objective of the study was to develop and validate a Teacher Energy scale in light of the metapathy concept. To do so, first, a model was developed classifying teachers into energy creators, energy boosters, energizers, energy drainers, and energy killers. This was followed by the development of a 30-item scale. A total of 283 language learners (170 women and 113 men) between the ages of 15 and 51were asked to answer the Teacher Energy scale. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data. The findings showed that the scale was invalid due to the similarity of items—since the learners gave identical answers to the items and did not distinguish between the factors underlying the questionnaire. Then, the scale was reduced to 12 items, and SEM was used. The results showed that the Teacher Energy scale with two subconstructs of energy-boosting and energy-draining was valid. The results were discussed, and some suggestions were made for researchers and educators.

Using a parallel design, this interventional study explored the effectiveness of robot-enhanced LMOOCs in learning Persian for nursing purposes skills education among 229 non-Iranian students at the Medical University of Isfahan. After conducting a Persian proficiency test, the participants were randomly divided into three groups, namely, CLMOOC, XLMOOC and blended LMOOC to interact with telepresence robots; this way, the arrangement was made for conducting 16 sessions for practicing Persian for nursing purposes through the robot-enhanced LMOOCs. In parallel, the participants’ receptive and productive skills were assessed in the healthcare field. The study was completed through a focus-group interview. While the quantitative data were analyzed through the Repeated Measures ANOVA procedure, the qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed the functionality of the robot-enhanced LMOOCs in Persian for nursing purposes skills education. The CLMOOC appeared as a highly efficient course for boosting the functionality of the robot-enhanced LMOOCs in Persian for nursing purposes skills education. The participants believed that playing an active role in developing the scenes of LMOOCs can help boost the functionality of LMOOCs in Persian for nursing purposes skills education. The findings could be useful for the medical college authorities who are interested in using new LMOOCs in higher education.

This article focuses on the ‘rhizosphere’ in Charles Winslow’s (2019) In West Mills. Deploying Deleuze and Guattari’s views as well as Foucault’s, this study discusses how the notions of ‘schizoid’, ‘nomad’, ‘deterritorialization’ and ‘re-territorialization’ can pave the way for the emergence of a new kind of literature known as ‘minority literature’. Furthermore, it is discussed how cultural geography can be redefined by challenging the oedipal mechanism of power and replacing it with an anti-oedipal ‘machine’. To this end, notions of ‘heterotopia’, ‘body without organs’ and ‘lines of flight’ have been discussed. It is argued that for Winslow to upset the hierarchical discourse of liberalism, first the arborescent (hierarchical) system of family, as liberalism’s first controlling agent, should be challenged. Afterward, other binary oppositions are unsettled. The outcome will be the replacement of the universal liberal system with ‘micropolitics’ and rhizomatic systems which can accomplish a truer version of democracy.

An indirect object is a grammatical form in Persian. Indeed, it is a propositional phrase, and the relationship between the verb and its complement is only built up by a preposition. When it comes to Russian, the indirect object is not necessarily a prepositional phrase and it is governed in two ways. First, the verb directly governs the grammatical case of the object. Second, the governing of the object’s grammatical case is carried out by the preposition. The indirect object has a special feature as it plays a number of semantic roles for the message in the sentence. As far as Russian is concerned, the grammatical case is the criterion for recognizing meaning. In other words, a specific grammatical case is used for each semantic role. In the present study, we identified ten semantic roles for the indirect object in Persian, which are recipient, malefactive, beneficiary, stimulus, result, source, theme, goal, instrument and audience. Each indirect object which holds one of these semantic roles—according to the meaning of its verb of course—can be expressed in Russian through the following methods 1). Accusative case with no preposition needed; 2). Accusative case with prepositions needed “на”, “в” and “про”; 3). Dative case without or with prepositions “к” and “по”; 4). Genitive case without or with prepositions “от” and “у”; 5). Instrumental case without or with prepositions “за” and “с” and 6). Prepositional case with preposition “о”.

As a result of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, book publishing mechanisms and other related systems like censorship mechanisms experienced dramatic changes. Despite the due attention of researchers to some aspects of book publishing like the economy of publishing, no research has been conducted on book regulations in post-revolutionary Iran. Using in-depth interviews with publishers and translators, this study aimed to examine the regulations governing book publishing in Iran. It tried to shed light on the hidden aspects of book publishing regulations and explore the consequences of implementing the regulations. The results showed that among the main problems and concerns of translators and publishers is inconsistency in censors’ decisions, which could be the result of a lack of transparent publication regulations.

The level of understanding of the internal audience (internal listeners) and external (external readers) of the narrative is always a complex and relative issue, and it is absolutely impossible to make a judgment about the level of understanding of the two categories of the audience of the narrative. This case is one of the oldest issues of human narration; thus, the narrator’s sensitivities to the subtleties of the narration, regardless of expressing some content and not finding a pleasant audience, indicate the classification of the audience base and the relative nature of their relationship with the narration. Also, such topics as the insignificance of “structure” compared to “expectation” and the answer to the question “what will happen next?” that Edward Morgan Forster proposed are indicative of different classes of audiences and their relative understanding of the narrative. This issue was first raised by Gerald Prince concerning the position of narratees. Given that the textual examples of the theory were chosen from Western texts, it is almost difficult for the Persian audience to understand them. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to examine and expand this theory using perfect examples from Persian fictional texts.

Political news usually provides ample grounds for ideological confrontations. This research analyzes the strategies used by translators when translating English political texts into Persian and determines translators’ most frequently used strategies. In addition, this study shows how translators use several different strategies at once to change a syntactic structure and accomplish their ideological goals. For this purpose, a news item from the Washington Times about Iran-China relations was compared with its Persian translation in Fars News Agency. The analysis was guided by Hatim and Mason’s theoretical framework and van Dijk’s model. The findings show that the most frequently used strategies were expansion, addition, contraction, omission, lexical cohesion, polarization and description of the agent. The translator, however, mainly relied on the two strategies of omission and contraction to polarize the target text.Political news usually provides ample grounds for ideological confrontations. This research analyzes the strategies used by translators when translating English political texts into Persian and determines translators’ most frequently used strategies. In addition, this study shows how translators use several different strategies at once to change a syntactic structure and accomplish their ideological goals. For this purpose, a news item from the Washington Times about Iran-China relations was compared with its Persian translation in Fars News Agency. The analysis was guided by Hatim and Mason’s theoretical framework and van Dijk’s model. The findings show that the most frequently used strategies were expansion, addition, contraction, omission, lexical cohesion, polarization and description of the agent. The translator, however, mainly relied on the two strategies of omission and contraction to polarize the target text.